Tuberculosis incidence in patients with human immunodeficiency virus, treated with isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death amongst adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The lifetime risk of tuberculosis disease for a person with latent infection is estimated at 5-10% with most cases occurring within five years of initial infection. The World Health Organization recommends isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for latent tuberculosis treatment, amongst other strategies. The aim was to assess tuberculosis incidence, survival (free of tuberculosis) and associated factors in HIV-positive patients. IPT was offered to participants with a positive (≥5mm) tuberculin skin test. Participants were followed from February 2003-December 2016. Kaplan-Meier was used for survival analysis. Variables with p-value ≤ 0.2 in the univariate analysis entered into the multivariate Cox-Model, keeping those with p-value ≤ 0.05. The 95% confidence interval of incidence of tuberculosis was estimated using Poisson distribution. One hundred nineteen patients completed the IPT and were followed for a median duration of 110.7 months (IQR 93.1-121.0). The probability of developing tuberculosis (10 years post-IPT) was 5.4%. Tuberculosis incidence was 0.58/100 patient/years (CI 95% 0.213-1.264). IPT over 6 months provided long-term protection against tuberculosis. AIDS-defining illness was the only statistically significant variable (HR=5.67) in the multivariate model.

Hospitalizações e óbitos relacionados à esporotricose no Brasil (1992-2015) / Hospitalizations and deaths related to sporotrichosis in Brazil (1992-2015) / Hospitalizaciones y óbitos relacionados con la esporotricosis en Brasil (1992-2015)

Resumo: A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea de distribuição global e, em geral, os pacientes são tratados ambulatorialmente. Desde 1998, observa-se aumento dos casos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, especialmente por transmissão zoonótica envolvendo gatos. Os pacientes coinfectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), muitas vezes, necessitam de hospitalizações e evoluem a óbito. Este estudo analisa e descreve dados de 1992 a 2015, provenientes de bancos de dados do Sistema Único de Saúde. No Brasil, ocorreram 782 hospitalizações e 65 óbitos. Em 6% das hospitalizações e 40% dos óbitos, havia coinfecção pelo HIV. No Rio de Janeiro, foram 250 hospitalizações e 36 óbitos, com aumento progressivo, ao longo do período. Destacaram-se, ainda, São Paulo e Goiás. Homens, não brancos, com baixa escolaridade evoluíram mais frequentemente a óbito. Conclui-se que a esporotricose está associada a hospitalizações e óbitos em todo o Brasil, com destaque para o Rio de Janeiro.

Abstract: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis with global distribution, and patients generally receive outpatient treatment. Since 1998 there has been an increase in cases in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, mainly via zoonotic transmission involving cats. Patients coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) often require hospitalization and evolve to death. This study analyzes and describes data from 1992 to 2015 obtained from the database of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). There were 782 hospitalizations and 65 deaths in Brazil. Six percent of the hospitalizations and 40% of the deaths involved coinfection with HIV. There were 250 hospitalizations and 36 deaths in Rio de Janeiro, with a progressive increase over the course of the period. The states of São Paulo and Goiás also showed high numbers. Men, non-whites, and individuals with low schooling evolved more frequently to death. In conclusion, sporotrichosis is associated with hospitalizations and deaths throughout Brazil, especially in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

Resumen: La esporotricosis es una micosis subcutánea de distribución global y, en general, los pacientes son tratados ambulatoriamente. Desde 1998, se observa un aumento de los casos en el estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, principalmente por transmisión zoonótica implicando gatos. Los pacientes coinfectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), muchas veces, necesitan de hospitalizaciones y evolucionan a óbito. Este estudio analiza y describe datos de 1992 a 2015, provenientes de bancos de datos del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). En Brasil, se produjeron 782 hospitalizaciones y 65 óbitos. En un 6% de las hospitalizaciones y 40% de los óbitos, había coinfección por el VIH. En Río de Janeiro, fueron 250 hospitalizaciones y 36 óbitos, con un aumento progresivo a lo largo del período. Se destacaron, incluso, São Paulo y Goiás. Hombres, no blancos, con baja escolaridad evolucionaron más frecuentemente a óbito. Se concluye que la esporotricosis está asociada a hospitalizaciones y óbitos en todo Brasil, destacando Río de Janeiro.

The psychosocial and economic burden of genital warts among women assisted in sixsexual and reproductive health clinics in Brazil / A carga psicossocial e econômica de verrugas genitais em mulheres atendidas em seis clínicas de saúde sexual e reprodutiva no Brasil

Introduction: World Health Organization estimates that 291 million women worldwide will have a human papillomavirus infection. Treatment for genital warts brings discomfort and may be stressful. Objective: The objectives are to estimate the psychological burden of genital warts and to estimate its economic and burden in six reproductive health clinics in Brazil. Methods: Women visiting BEMFAM'S Clinics form January 2012 until March 2013 filled a self-administrated questionnaire based on psychometric scale. The economic burden was measured with a retrospective study of medical chart review of patients assisted from January 2009 to December 2010. Results: A total of 122 individuals filled the psychosocial questionnaire. Women with normal Pap smear presented lower scores of worries and concerns about gynecological health than women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or GW and higher scores of satisfaction with sexual life than women with CIN or GW. Feelings of anxiety and surprise with the the last exam were higher in GW group than for normal Pap smear and CIN goups. Each GW episode lasted on average 132 days, had 6 medical visits and costs US$139. Conclusion: The economic burden of GW is closely related to psychosocial burden, and the use of health services after a GW episode should be considered in future resaech. The study of indirect costs is important, considering the number if visits per episode of GW. Additional studies are needed and can help in the advocacy efforts for a comprehensive prevention programs in Brazil.

Introdução: A Organização Mundial de Saúde estima que 291 milhões de mulheres serão infectadas pelo Papilomavírus humano. O tratamento das verrugas genitais pode ser desconfortável e estressante. Objetivo: Estimar a carga psicossocial das verrugas genitais (VG); e estimar a carga econômica das verrugas genitais entre mulheres atendidas em seis clínicas de saúde reprodutiva. Métodos: Voluntárias atendidas nas Clínicas da BEMFAM entre 2010 e 1013 preencheram um questionário baseado na escala psicométrica. A carga econômica foi medida através da análise de prontuários de pacientes atendidas entre 2009 e 2010. Resultados: O questionário psicossocial foi preenchido por 122 sujeitos. Mulheres com Papanicolaou normal apresentaram menores índices de preocupação quanto à saúde ginecológica e maiores índices de satisfação com a vida sexual do que mulheres com neoplasia intraepitelial (CIN) ou VG. Sentimentos de ansiedade e surpresa com o resultado dos exames foram mais observados entre mulheres com verrugas genitais do que nas com Papanicolaou normal ou CIN. Em média, cada episódio de verruga genital durou 132 dias, demandou seis visitas médicas, e custou US$139. Conclusão: Houve relação entre a carga econômica das VG. O presente estudo reforça a importância da análise dos custos indiretos, considerando o número de visitas por episódio de VG. Estudos adicionais podem fortalecer os esforços para programas abrangentes de prevenção no Brasil.